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Dec 12, 2019 Declarations and definitions (C); 4 minutes to read +2; In this article. A C program consists of various entities such as variables, functions, types, and namespaces. Each of these entities must be declared before they can be used. A declaration specifies a unique name for the entity, along with information about its type. DevOps is a set of practices that combines software development (Dev) and information-technology operations (Ops) which aims to shorten the systems development life cycle and provide continuous delivery with high software quality. A scope is a region of the program and broadly speaking there are three places, where variables can be declared − We will learn what is a function and it's parameter in subsequent chapters. Here let us explain what are local and global variables. Global variables are defined outside of all the. Perhaps it is not good programming practice, but is it possible to define a for loop macro? For example, #define loop(n) for(int ii = 0; ii.
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Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals.
Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are enumeration constants as well.
Constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition.
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for decimal.
An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order.
Here are some examples of integer literals −
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Following are other examples of various types of integer literals −
Floating-point Literals
A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form.
While representing decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent, or both; and while representing exponential form, you must include the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced by e or E.
Here are some examples of floating-point literals −
Character Constants
Character literals are enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'x' can be stored in a simple variable of char type.
A character literal can be a plain character (e.g., 'x'), an escape sequence (e.g., 't'), or a universal character (e.g., 'u02C0').
There are certain characters in C that represent special meaning when preceded by a backslash for example, newline (n) or tab (t).
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- Here, you have a list of such escape sequence codes −
Escape sequence Meaning character ' ' character ' ' character ? ? character a Alert or bell b Backspace f Form feed n Newline r Carriage return t Horizontal tab v Vertical tab ooo Octal number of one to three digits xhh . . . Hexadecimal number of one or more digits
Following is the example to show a few escape sequence characters −
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
String Literals
String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes '. A string contains characters that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.
You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separating them using white spaces.
Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings.
Defining Constants
There are two simple ways in C to define constants −
Using #define preprocessor.
Using const keyword.
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The #define Preprocessor
Given below is the form to use #define preprocessor to define a constant −
The following example explains it in detail −
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
The const Keyword
You can use const prefix to declare constants with a specific type as follows −
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The following example explains it in detail −
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When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Note that it is a good programming practice to define constants in CAPITALS.