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This step-by-step walkthrough shows how to use the Visual Studio IDE to create your own dynamic link library (DLL) written in Microsoft C++ (MSVC). Then it shows how to use the DLL from another C++ app. DLLs (also known as shared libraries in UNIX-based operating systems) are one of the most useful kinds of Windows components. You can use them as a way to share code and resources, and to shrink the size of your apps. DLLs can even make it easier to service and extend your apps.

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In this walkthrough, you'll create a DLL that implements some math functions. Then you'll create a console app that uses the functions from the DLL. You'll also get an introduction to some of the programming techniques and conventions used in Windows DLLs.

This walkthrough covers these tasks:

• Create a DLL project in Visual Studio.

• Add exported functions and variables to the DLL.

• Create a console app project in Visual Studio.

• Use the functions and variables imported from the DLL in the console app.

• Run the completed app.

Like a statically linked library, a DLL exports variables, functions, and resources by name. A client app imports the names to use those variables, functions, and resources. Unlike a statically linked library, Windows connects the imports in your app to the exports in a DLL at load time or at run time, instead of connecting them at link time. Windows requires extra information that isn't part of the standard C++ compilation model to make these connections. The MSVC compiler implements some Microsoft-specific extensions to C++ to provide this extra information. We explain these extensions as we go.

This walkthrough creates two Visual Studio solutions; one that builds the DLL, and one that builds the client app. The DLL uses the C calling convention. It can be called from apps written in other programming languages, as long as the platform, calling conventions, and linking conventions match. The client app uses implicit linking, where Windows links the app to the DLL at load-time. This linking lets the app call the DLL-supplied functions just like the functions in a statically linked library.

This walkthrough doesn't cover some common situations. The code doesn't show the use of C++ DLLs by other programming languages. It doesn't show how to create a resource-only DLL, or how to use explicit linking to load DLLs at run-time rather than at load-time. Rest assured, you can use MSVC and Visual Studio to do all these things.

For links to more information about DLLs, see Create C/C++ DLLs in Visual Studio. For more information about implicit linking and explicit linking, see Determine which linking method to use. For information about creating C++ DLLs for use with programming languages that use C-language linkage conventions, see Exporting C++ functions for use in C-language executables. For information about how to create DLLs for use with .NET languages, see Calling DLL Functions from Visual Basic Applications.

Prerequisites

• A computer that runs Microsoft Windows 7 or later versions. We recommend Windows 10 for the best development experience.

• A copy of Visual Studio. For information on how to download and install Visual Studio, see Install Visual Studio. When you run the installer, make sure that the Desktop development with C++ workload is checked. Don't worry if you didn't install this workload when you installed Visual Studio. You can run the installer again and install it now.

• A copy of Visual Studio. For information on how to download and install Visual Studio 2015, see Install Visual Studio 2015. Use a Custom installation to install the C++ compiler and tools, since they're not installed by default.

• An understanding of the basics of using the Visual Studio IDE. If you've used Windows desktop apps before, you can probably keep up. For an introduction, see Visual Studio IDE feature tour.

• An understanding of enough of the fundamentals of the C++ language to follow along. Don't worry, we don't do anything too complicated.

Note

This walkthrough assumes you're using Visual Studio 2017 version 15.9 or later. Some earlier versions of Visual Studio 2017 had defects in the code templates, or used different user interface dialogs. To avoid problems, use the Visual Studio Installer to update Visual Studio 2017 to version 15.9 or later.

Create the DLL project

In this set of tasks, you create a project for your DLL, add code, and build it. To begin, start the Visual Studio IDE, and sign in if you need to. The instructions vary slightly depending on which version of Visual Studio you're using. Make sure you have the correct version selected in the control in the upper left of this page.

To create a DLL project in Visual Studio 2019

1. On the menu bar, choose File > New > Project to open the Create a New Project dialog box.

2. At the top of the dialog, set Language to C++, set Platform to Windows, and set Project type to Library.

3. From the filtered list of project types, select Dynamic-link Library (DLL), and then choose Next.

4. In the Configure your new project page, enter MathLibrary in the Project name box to specify a name for the project. Leave the default Location and Solution name values. Set Solution to Create new solution. Uncheck Place solution and project in the same directory if it's checked.

5. Choose the Create button to create the project.

When the solution is created, you can see the generated project and source files in the Solution Explorer window in Visual Studio.

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To create a DLL project in Visual Studio 2017

1. On the menu bar, choose File > New > Project to open the New Project dialog box.

2. In the left pane of the New Project dialog box, select Installed > Visual C++ > Windows Desktop. In the center pane, select Dynamic-Link Library (DLL). Enter MathLibrary in the Name box to specify a name for the project. Leave the default Location and Solution name values. Set Solution to Create new solution. Check Create directory for solution if it's unchecked.

3. Choose the OK button to create the project.

When the solution is created, you can see the generated project and source files in the Solution Explorer window in Visual Studio.

To create a DLL project in Visual Studio 2015 and older versions

1. On the menu bar, choose File > New > Project.

2. In the left pane of the New Project dialog box, expand Installed > Templates, and select Visual C++, and then in the center pane, select Win32 Console Application. Enter MathLibrary in the Name edit box to specify a name for the project. Leave the default Location and Solution name values. Set Solution to Create new solution. Check Create directory for solution if it's unchecked.

3. Choose the OK button to dismiss the New Project dialog and start the Win32 Application Wizard.

4. Choose the Next button. On the Application Settings page, under Application type, select DLL.

5. Choose the Finish button to create the project.

When the wizard completes the solution, you can see the generated project and source files in the Solution Explorer window in Visual Studio.

Right now, this DLL doesn't do very much. Next, you'll create a header file to declare the functions your DLL exports, and then add the function definitions to the DLL to make it more useful.

To add a header file to the DLL

1. To create a header file for your functions, on the menu bar, choose Project > Add New Item.

2. In the Add New Item dialog box, in the left pane, select Visual C++. In the center pane, select Header File (.h). Specify MathLibrary.h as the name for the header file.

3. Choose the Add button to generate a blank header file, which is displayed in a new editor window.

4. Replace the contents of the header file with this code:

This header file declares some functions to produce a generalized Fibonacci sequence, given two initial values. A call to fibonacci_init(1, 1) generates the familiar Fibonacci number sequence.

Notice the preprocessor statements at the top of the file. The new project template for a DLL project adds PROJECTNAME_EXPORTS to the defined preprocessor macros. In this example, Visual Studio defines MATHLIBRARY_EXPORTS when your MathLibrary DLL project is built.

When the MATHLIBRARY_EXPORTS macro is defined, the MATHLIBRARY_API macro sets the __declspec(dllexport) modifier on the function declarations. This modifier tells the compiler and linker to export a function or variable from the DLL for use by other applications. When MATHLIBRARY_EXPORTS is undefined, for example, when the header file is included by a client application, MATHLIBRARY_API applies the __declspec(dllimport) modifier to the declarations. This modifier optimizes the import of the function or variable in an application. For more information, see dllexport, dllimport.

To add an implementation to the DLL

1. In Solution Explorer, right-click on the Source Files node and choose Add > New Item. Create a new .cpp file called MathLibrary.cpp, in the same way that you added a new header file in the previous step.

2. In the editor window, select the tab for MathLibrary.cpp if it's already open. If not, in Solution Explorer, double-click MathLibrary.cpp in the Source Files folder of the MathLibrary project to open it.

3. In the editor, replace the contents of the MathLibrary.cpp file with the following code:

1. In the editor window, select the tab for MathLibrary.cpp if it's already open. If not, in Solution Explorer, double-click MathLibrary.cpp in the Source Files folder of the MathLibrary project to open it.

2. In the editor, replace the contents of the MathLibrary.cpp file with the following code:

To verify that everything works so far, compile the dynamic link library. To compile, choose Build > Build Solution on the menu bar. The DLL and related compiler output are placed in a folder called Debug directly below the solution folder. If you create a Release build, the output is placed in a folder called Release. The output should look something like this:

Congratulations, you've created a DLL using Visual Studio! Next, you'll create a client app that uses the functions exported by the DLL.

Create a client app that uses the DLL

When you create a DLL, think about how client apps may use it. To call the functions or access the data exported by a DLL, client source code must have the declarations available at compile time. At link time, the linker requires information to resolve the function calls or data accesses. A DLL supplies this information in an import library, a file that contains information about how to find the functions and data, instead of the actual code. And at run time, the DLL must be available to the client, in a location that the operating system can find.

Whether it's your own or from a third-party, your client app project needs several pieces of information to use a DLL. It needs to find the headers that declare the DLL exports, the import libraries for the linker, and the DLL itself. One solution is to copy all of these files into your client project. For third-party DLLs that are unlikely to change while your client is in development, this method may be the best way to use them. However, when you also build the DLL, it's better to avoid duplication. If you make a local copy of DLL files that are under development, you may accidentally change a header file in one copy but not the other, or use an out-of-date library.

To avoid out-of-sync code, we recommend you set the include path in your client project to include the DLL header files directly from your DLL project. Also, set the library path in your client project to include the DLL import libraries from the DLL project. And finally, copy the built DLL from the DLL project into your client build output directory. This step allows your client app to use the same DLL code you build.

To create a client app in Visual Studio

1. On the menu bar, choose File > New > Project to open the Create a new project dialog box.

2. At the top of the dialog, set Language to C++, set Platform to Windows, and set Project type to Console.

3. From the filtered list of project types, choose Console App then choose Next.

4. In the Configure your new project page, enter MathClient in the Project name box to specify a name for the project. Leave the default Location and Solution name values. Set Solution to Create new solution. Uncheck Place solution and project in the same directory if it's checked.

5. Choose the Create button to create the client project.

A minimal console application project is created for you. The name for the main source file is the same as the project name that you entered earlier. In this example, it's named MathClient.cpp. You can build it, but it doesn't use your DLL yet.

To create a client app in Visual Studio 2017

1. To create a C++ app that uses the DLL that you created, on the menu bar, choose File > New > Project.

2. In the left pane of the New Project dialog, select Windows Desktop under Installed > Visual C++. In the center pane, select Windows Console Application. Specify the name for the project, MathClient, in the Name edit box. Leave the default Location and Solution name values. Set Solution to Create new solution. Check Create directory for solution if it's unchecked.

3. Choose OK to create the client app project.

A minimal console application project is created for you. The name for the main source file is the same as the project name that you entered earlier. In this example, it's named MathClient.cpp. You can build it, but it doesn't use your DLL yet.

To create a client app in Visual Studio 2015

1. To create a C++ app that uses the DLL that you created, on the menu bar, choose File > New > Project.

2. In the left pane of the New Project dialog, select Win32 under Installed > Templates > Visual C++. In the center pane, select Win32 Console Application. Specify the name for the project, MathClient, in the Name edit box. Leave the default Location and Solution name values. Set Solution to Create new solution. Check Create directory for solution if it's unchecked.

3. Choose the OK button to dismiss the New Project dialog and start the Win32 Application Wizard. On the Overview page of the Win32 Application Wizard dialog box, choose the Next button.

4. On the Application Settings page, under Application type, select Console application if it isn't already selected.

5. Choose the Finish button to create the project.

When the wizard finishes, a minimal console application project is created for you. The name for the main source file is the same as the project name that you entered earlier. In this example, it's named MathClient.cpp. You can build it, but it doesn't use your DLL yet.

Next, to call the MathLibrary functions in your source code, your project must include the MathLibrary.h file. You could copy this header file into your client app project, then add it to the project as an existing item. This method can be a good choice for third-party libraries. However, if you're working on the code for your DLL and your client at the same time, the header files could get out of sync. To avoid this issue, set the Additional Include Directories path in your project to include the path to the original header.

To add the DLL header to your include path

1. Right-click on the MathClient node in Solution Explorer to open the Property Pages dialog.

2. In the Configuration drop-down box, select All Configurations if it's not already selected.

3. In the left pane, select Configuration Properties > C/C++ > General.

4. In the property pane, select the drop-down control next to the Additional Include Directories edit box, and then choose Edit.

5. Double-click in the top pane of the Additional Include Directories dialog box to enable an edit control. Or, choose the folder icon to create a new entry.

6. In the edit control, specify the path to the location of the MathLibrary.h header file. You can choose the ellipsis (..) control to browse to the correct folder.

   You can also enter a relative path from your client source files to the folder that contains the DLL header files. If you followed the directions to put your client project in a separate solution from the DLL, the relative path should look like this:

   ..MathLibraryMathLibrary

   If your DLL and client projects are in the same solution, the relative path might look like this:

   .MathLibrary

   When the DLL and client projects are in other folders, adjust the relative path to match. Or, use the ellipsis control to browse for the folder.

7. After you've entered the path to the header file in the Additional Include Directories dialog box, choose the OK button. In the Property Pages dialog box, choose the OK button to save your changes.

You can now include the MathLibrary.h file and use the functions it declares in your client application. Replace the contents of MathClient.cpp by using this code:

This code can be compiled, but not linked. If you build the client app now, the error list shows several LNK2019 errors. That's because your project is missing some information: You haven't specified that your project has a dependency on the MathLibrary.lib library yet. And, you haven't told the linker how to find the MathLibrary.lib file.

To fix this issue, you could copy the library file directly into your client app project. The linker would find and use it automatically. However, if both the library and the client app are under development, that might lead to changes in one copy that aren't shown in the other. To avoid this issue, you can set the Additional Dependencies property to tell the build system that your project depends on MathLibrary.lib. And, you can set an Additional Library Directories path in your project to include the path to the original library when you link.

To add the DLL import library to your project

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1. Right-click on the MathClient node in Solution Explorer and choose Properties to open the Property Pages dialog.

2. In the Configuration drop-down box, select All Configurations if it's not already selected. It ensures that any property changes apply to both Debug and Release builds.

3. In the left pane, select Configuration Properties > Linker > Input. In the property pane, select the drop-down control next to the Additional Dependencies edit box, and then choose Edit.

4. In the Additional Dependencies dialog, add MathLibrary.lib to the list in the top edit control.

5. Choose OK to go back to the Property Pages dialog box.

6. In the left pane, select Configuration Properties > Linker > General. In the property pane, select the drop-down control next to the Additional Library Directories edit box, and then choose Edit.

7. Double-click in the top pane of the Additional Library Directories dialog box to enable an edit control. In the edit control, specify the path to the location of the MathLibrary.lib file. By default, it's in a folder called Debug directly under the DLL solution folder. If you create a release build, the file is placed in a folder called Release. You can use the $(IntDir) macro so that the linker can find your DLL, no matter which kind of build you create. If you followed the directions to put your client project in a separate solution from the DLL project, the relative path should look like this:

   ..MathLibrary$(IntDir)

   If your DLL and client projects are in other locations, adjust the relative path to match.

8. Once you've entered the path to the library file in the Additional Library Directories dialog box, choose the OK button to go back to the Property Pages dialog box. Choose OK to save the property changes.

Your client app can now compile and link successfully, but it still doesn't have everything it needs to run. When the operating system loads your app, it looks for the MathLibrary DLL. If it can't find the DLL in certain system directories, the environment path, or the local app directory, the load fails. Depending on the operating system, you'll see an error message like this:

One way to avoid this issue is to copy the DLL to the directory that contains your client executable as part of the build process. You can add a Post-Build Event to your project, to add a command that copies the DLL to your build output directory. The command specified here copies the DLL only if it's missing or has changed. It uses macros to copy to and from the Debug or Release locations, based on your build configuration.

To copy the DLL in a post-build event

1. Right-click on the MathClient node in Solution Explorer and choose Properties to open the Property Pages dialog.

2. In the Configuration drop-down box, select All Configurations if it isn't already selected.

3. In the left pane, select Configuration Properties > Build Events > Post-Build Event.

4. In the property pane, select the edit control in the Command Line field. If you followed the directions to put your client project in a separate solution from the DLL project, then enter this command:

   Geforce minimonsta vst download mac. xcopy /y /d '..MathLibrary$(IntDir)MathLibrary.dll' '$(OutDir)'

   If your DLL and client projects are in other directories, change the relative path to the DLL to match.

5. Choose the OK button to save your changes to the project properties.

Now your client app has everything it needs to build and run. Build the application by choosing Build > Build Solution on the menu bar. The Output window in Visual Studio should have something like the following example depending on your version of Visual Studio:

Congratulations, you've created an application that calls functions in your DLL. Now run your application to see what it does. On the menu bar, choose Debug > Start Without Debugging. Visual Studio opens a command window for the program to run in. The last part of the output should look like:

Press any key to dismiss the command window.

Now that you've created a DLL and a client application, you can experiment. Try setting breakpoints in the code of the client app, and run the app in the debugger. See what happens when you step into a library call. Add other functions to the library, or write another client app that uses your DLL.

When you deploy your app, you must also deploy the DLLs it uses. The simplest way to make the DLLs that you build, or that you include from third parties, available is to put them in the same directory as your app. It's known as app-local deployment. For more information about deployment, see Deployment in Visual C++.

See also

In this tutorial for C#, you'll use Visual Studio to create and run a console app and explore some features of the Visual Studio integrated development environment (IDE) while you do so.

If you haven't already installed Visual Studio, go to the Visual Studio downloads page to install it for free.

If you haven't already installed Visual Studio, go to the Visual Studio downloads page to install it for free.

Create a project

To start, we'll create a C# application project. The project type comes with all the template files you'll need, before you've even added anything!

1. Open Visual Studio 2017.

2. From the top menu bar, choose File > New > Project.(Alternatively, press Ctrl+Shift+N).

3. In the left pane of the New Project dialog box, expand C#, and then choose .NET Core. In the middle pane, choose Console App (.NET Core). Then name the file Calculator.

Add a workload (optional)

If you don't see the Console App (.NET Core) project template, you can get it by adding the .NET Core cross-platform development workload. Here's how.

Option 1: Use the New Project dialog box

1. Choose the Open Visual Studio Installer link in the left pane of the New Project dialog box.

2. The Visual Studio Installer launches. Choose the .NET Core cross-platform development workload, and then choose Modify.

Option 2: Use the Tools menu bar

1. Cancel out of the New Project dialog box and from the top menu bar, choose Tools > Get Tools and Features.

2. The Visual Studio Installer launches. Choose the .NET Core cross-platform development workload, and then choose Modify.

1. Open Visual Studio 2019.

2. On the start window, choose Create a new project.

3. On the Create a new project window, enter or type console in the search box. Next, choose C# from the Language list, and then choose Windows from the Platform list.

   After you apply the language and platform filters, choose the Console App (.NET Core) template, and then choose Next.

   Note

   If you do not see the Console App (.NET Core) template, you can install it from the Create a new project window. In the Not finding what you're looking for? message, choose the Install more tools and features link.

   Then, in the Visual Studio Installer, choose the .NET Core cross-platform development workload.

   After that, choose the Modify button in the Visual Studio Installer. You might be prompted to save your work; if so, do so. Next, choose Continue to install the workload. Then, return to step 2 in this 'Create a project' procedure.

4. In the Configure your new project window, type or enter Calculator in the Project name box. Then, choose Create.

   Visual Studio opens your new project, which includes default 'Hello World' code.

Create the app

First, we'll explore some basic integer math in C#. Then, we'll add code to create a basic calculator. After that, we'll debug the app to find and fix errors. And finally, we'll refine the code to make it more efficient.

Explore integer math

Let's start with some basic integer math in C#.

1. In the code editor, delete the default 'Hello World' code.

   Specifically, delete the line that says, Console.WriteLine('Hello World!');.

2. In its place, type the following code:

   Notice that when you do so, the IntelliSense feature in Visual Studio offers you the option to autocomplete the entry.

   Note

   The following animation isn't intended to duplicate the preceding code. It's intended only to show how the autocomplete feature works.

3. Choose the green Start button next to Calculator to build and run your program, or press F5.

   A console window opens that reveals the sum of 42 + 119, which is 161.

4. (Optional) You can change the operator to change the result. For example, you can change the + operator in the int c = a + b; line of code to - for subtraction, * for multiplication, or / for division. Then, when you run the program, the result changes, too.

5. Close the console window.

Add code to create a calculator

Let's continue by adding a more complex set of calculator code to your project.

1. Delete all the code you see in the code editor.

2. Enter or paste the following new code into the code editor:

3. Choose Calculator to run your program, or press F5.

   A console window opens.

4. View your app in the console window, and then follow the prompts to add the numbers 42 and 119.

   Your app should look similar to the following screenshot:

Add functionality to the calculator

Let's tweak the code to add further functionality.

Add decimals

The calculator app currently accepts and returns whole numbers. But, it will be more precise if we add code that allows for decimals.

As in the following screenshot, if you run the app and divide number 42 by the number 119, your result is 0 (zero), which isn't exact.

Let's fix the code so that it handles decimals.

1. Press Ctrl + F to open the Find and Replace control.

2. Change each instance of the int variable to float.

   Make sure that you toggle Match case (Alt+C) and Match whole word (Alt+W) in the Find and Replace control.

3. Run your calculator app again and divide the number 42 by the number 119.

   Notice that the app now returns a decimal numeral instead of zero.

However, the app produces only a decimal result. Let's make a few more tweaks to the code so that the app can calculate decimals too.

1. Use the Find and Replace control (Ctrl + F) to change each instance of the float variable to double, and to change each instance of the Convert.ToInt32 method to Convert.ToDouble.

2. Run your calculator app and divide the number 42.5 by the number 119.75.

   Notice that the app now accepts decimal values and returns a longer decimal numeral as its result.

   (We'll fix the number of decimal places in the Revise the code section.)

Debug the app

We've improved on our basic calculator app, but it doesn't yet have fail safes in place to handle exceptions, such as user input errors.

For example, if you try to divide a number by zero, or enter an alpha character when the app expects a numeric character (or vice versa), the app might stop working, return an error, or return an unexpected nonnumeric result.

Let's walk through a few common user input errors, locate them in the debugger if they appear there, and fix them in the code.

Tip

For more information about the debugger and how it works, see the First look at the Visual Studio debugger page.

Fix the 'divide by zero' error

When you try to divide a number by zero, the console app might freeze and then show you what's wrong in the code editor.

Note

Sometimes, the app doesn't freeze and the debugger won't show a divide-by-zero error. Instead, the app might return an unexpected nonnumeric result, such as an infinity symbol. The following code fix still applies.

Let's change the code to handle this error.

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1. Delete the code that appears directly between case 'd': and the comment that says // Wait for the user to respond before closing.

2. Replace it with the following code:

   After you add the code, the section with the switch statement should look similar to the following screenshot:

Now, when you divide any number by zero, the app will ask for another number. Even better: It won't stop asking until you provide a number other than zero.

Fix the 'format' error

If you enter an alpha character when the app expects a numeric character (or vice versa), the console app freezes. Visual Studio then shows you what's wrong in the code editor.

To fix this error, we must refactor the code that we've previously entered.

Revise the code

Rather than rely on the program class to handle all the code, we'll divide our app into two classes: Calculator and Program.

The Calculator class will handle the bulk of the calculation work, and the Program class will handle the user interface and error-capturing work.

Visual Studio 2017 C Application Dev Tutorial For Beginners

Let's get started.

1. Delete everything in the Calculator namespace between its opening and closing braces:

2. Next, add a new Calculator class, as follows:

3. Then, add a new Program class, as follows:

4. Choose Calculator to run your program, or press F5.

5. Follow the prompts and divide the number 42 by the number 119. Your app should look similar to the following screenshot:

   Notice that you have the option to enter more equations until you choose to close the console app. And, we've also reduced the number of decimal places in the result.

Close the app

1. If you haven't already done so, close the calculator app.

2. Close the Output pane in Visual Studio.

3. In Visual Studio, press Ctrl+S to save your app.

4. Close Visual Studio.

Code complete

During this tutorial, we've made a lot of changes to the calculator app. The app now handles computing resources more efficiently, and it handles most user input errors.

Here's the complete code, all in one place:

Next steps

Congratulations on completing this tutorial! To learn even more, continue with the following tutorials.

Microsoft Visual Studio Dev Essentials

See also